![]() The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter. The presence of the two ester groups makes cocaine relatively unstable in warm, humid environments and cocaine stored in an open container or with a high moisture content will lose apparent potency over time due to hydrolysis to methyl ecgonine or benzoylecgonine. This structure allows for its rapid absorption through nasal membranes and blood-brain barrier. The chemical structure of cocaine consists of three parts the hydrophilic methyl ester moiety and the lipophilic benzoyl ester moiety, which are located in place of the carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups of ecgonine respectively. Cocaine decomposes when heated strongly so the freebase and hydrogen carbonate salts of cocaine, which have much lower boiling points compared to the hydrochloride salt, are typically used when the substance is to be vaporized and are known as cocaine base and "crack" respectively. It is most commonly consumed as the hydrochloride salt which is typically produced in clandestine laboratories. Spanish-influenced names include lello, yayo, yeyo, or yay.Ĭocaine is a tropane alkaloid found in the leaves of the coca plant, Erythroxylum coca. Common namesĬocaine has numerous common or street names, including coke, coca, cola, snow, ski, blow, nose candy, white, and girl. The name cocaine is derived from "coca" and the alkaloid suffix "-ine". Other countries where the usage rate meets or exceeds 1.5% are the United States (2.8%), England and Wales (2.4%), Canada (2.3%), Italy (2.1%), Bolivia (1.9%), Chile (1.8%), and Scotland (1.5%). In terms of user rates, Spain is the country with the highest rate of cocaine usage (3.0% of adults in the previous year). Īccording to a 2007 United Nations report, cocaine is the second most widely used illicit substance in the world, after cannabis. You can help by expanding it.Ī 1000-year-old collection of drug paraphernalia found in a rock shelter in Bolivia features traces of five psychoactive chemicals, including cocaine and components of ayahuasca. This History and culture section is a stub.Īs a result, it may contain incomplete or wrong information. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. Even "regular" use has been linked to the development of permanent heart conditions and it also appears to cause sudden cardiac death in susceptible individuals (see this section for more). ![]() high dose, repeat administration) is associated with escalating tolerance and psychological dependence, which can become severe if left untreated.Īdditionally, some evidence suggests it poses unique cardiotoxic risks compared to other CNS stimulants, including the entire amphetamine class. It is known to have high abuse potential. Excessive use is reported to increase the risk of anxiety, paranoia, minor hallucinations, mania, and, in rare cases, psychosis. The typical cocaine high is characterized by a rapid onset and a short duration, featuring a powerful euphoric "rush" that is followed by a marked comedown or "crash" - an experience that can promote compulsive redosing. Routes of administration include insufflation ("snorting" or "sniffing") and occasionally injection. Subjective effects include stimulation, increased blood pressure, appetite suppression, disinhibition, motivation enhancement, ego inflation, increased libido, and euphoria. It is considered a major so-called "street drug" or "drug of abuse", alongside heroin and methamphetamine. According to a 2007 United Nations report, it was the second most widely used substance in the world, after cannabis. Ĭocaine is one of the most widespread and highly controlled illicit substances in the world. The mechanism of action involves increasing levels of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in the brain. ![]() It is a naturally-occurring alkaloid extracted from the leaves of the coca plant ( Erythroxylum coca). It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy.Ĭocaine (also known as benzoylmethylecgonine, and informally as coke, cola, snow, blow, white, among others) is a classical stimulant substance of the tropane class. See responsible use section.ĭISCLAIMER: PW's dosage information is gathered from users and resources for educational purposes only. WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (Benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo octane-2-carboxylate Cocaine, Coke, Coca, Crack, Blow, Girl, White, Snow, Nose Candy, Chari ![]()
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